Abstract classes and interfaces are plentiful in Java code, and even in the Java Development Kit (JDK) itself. Each code element serves a fundamental purpose:
- Interfaces are a kind of code contract, which must be implemented by a concrete class.
- Abstract classes are similar to normal classes, with the difference that they can include abstract methods, which are methods without a body. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated.
Many developers believe that interfaces and abstract classes are similar, but they are actually quite different. Let's explore the main differences between them.
The essence of an interface
At heart, an interface is a contract, so it depends on an implementation to serve its purpose. An interface can never have a state, so it cannot use mutable instance variables. An interface can only use final variables.
When to use interfaces
Interfaces are very useful for decoupling code and implementing polymorphism. We can see an example in the JDK, with the List interface:
public interface List<E> extends Collection<E> {
int size();
boolean isEmpty();
boolean add(E e);
E remove(int index);
void clear();
}
As you likely noticed, this code is short and very descriptive. We can easily see the method signature, which we'll use to implement the methods in the interface using a concrete class.
The List interface contains a contract that can be implemented by the ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, and other classes.
To use polymorphism, we can simply declare our variable type with List, and then choose any of the available instantiations. Here's an example:
List list = new ArrayList();
System.out.println(list.getClass());
List list = new LinkedList();
System.out.println(list.getClass());
Here is the output from this code:
class java.util.ArrayList
class java.util.LinkedList
In this case, the implementation methods for ArrayList, LinkedList, and Vector are all different, which is a great scenario for using an interface. If you notice that many classes belong to a parent class with the same method actions but different behavior, then it's a good idea to use an interface.
Next, let's look at a few of the things we can do with interfaces.
Overriding an interface method
Remember that an interface is a kind of contract that must be implemented by a concrete class. Interface methods are implicitly abstract, and also require a concrete class implementation.
Here's an example:
public class OverridingDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Challenger challenger = new JavaChallenger();
challenger.doChallenge();
}
}
interface Challenger {
void doChallenge();
}
class JavaChallenger implements Challenger {
@Override
public void doChallenge() {
System.out.println("Challenge done!");
}
}
Here's the output from this code:
Challenge done!
Notice the detail that interface methods are implicitly abstract. This means we don't need to explicitly declare them as abstract.
Constant variables
Another rule to remember is that an interface can only contain constant variables. Thus, the following code is fine:
public class Challenger {
int number = 7;
String name = "Java Challenger";
}
Notice that both variables are implicitly final and static. This means they are constants, do not depend on an instance, and can't be changed.
If we try to change the variables in the Challenger interface, say, like this:
Challenger.number = 8;
Challenger.name = "Another Challenger";
we will trigger a compilation error, like this one:
Cannot assign a value to final variable 'number'
Cannot assign a value to final variable 'name'
Default methods
When default methods were introduced in Java 8, some developers thought they would be the same as abstract classes. That's not true, however, because interfaces can't have state.
A default method can have an implementation, whereas abstract methods can't. Default methods are the result of great innovations with lambdas and streams, but we should use them with caution.
A method in the JDK that uses a default method is forEach(), which is part of the Iterable interface. Instead of copying code to every Iterable implementation, we can simply reuse the forEach method:
default void forEach(Consumer<? super T> action) {
// Code implementation here…
Any Iterable implementation can use the forEach() method without requiring a new method implementation. Then, we can reuse the code with a default method.
Let's create our own default method:
public class DefaultMethodExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Challenger challenger = new JavaChallenger();
challenger.doChallenge();
}
}
class JavaChallenger implements Challenger { }
interface Challenger {
default void doChallenge() {
System.out.println("Challenger doing a challenge!");
}
}
Here's the output:
Challenger doing a challenge!
The important thing to notice about default methods is that each default method needs an implementation. A default method cannot be static.
Now, let's move on to abstract classes.
The essence of an abstract class
Abstract classes can have state with instance variables. This means that an instance variable can be used and mutated. Here's an example:
public abstract class AbstractClassMutation {
private String name = "challenger";
public static void main(String[] args) {
AbstractClassMutation abstractClassMutation = new AbstractClassImpl();
abstractClassMutation.name = "mutated challenger";
System.out.println(abstractClassMutation.name);
}
}
class AbstractClassImpl extends AbstractClassMutation { }
Here is the output:
mutated challenger
Abstract methods in abstract classes
Just like interfaces, abstract classes can have abstract methods. An abstract method is a method without a body. Unlike in interfaces, abstract methods in abstract classes must be explicitly declared as abstract. Here's an example:
public abstract class AbstractMethods {
abstract void doSomething();
}
Attempting to declare a method without an implementation, and without the abstract keyword, like this:
public abstract class AbstractMethods {
void doSomethingElse();
}
results in a compilation error, like this:
Missing method body, or declare abstract
When to use abstract classes
It's a good idea to use an abstract class when you need to implement mutable state. As an example, the Java Collections Framework includes the AbstractList class, which uses the state of variables.
In cases where you don't need to maintain the state of the class, it's usually better to use an interface.
Differences between abstract classes and interfaces
From an object-oriented programming perspective, the main difference between an interface and an abstract class is that an interface cannot have state, whereas the abstract class can have state with instance variables.
Another key difference is that classes can implement more than one interface, but they can extend only one abstract class. This is a design decision based on the fact that multiple inheritance (extending more than one class) can cause code deadlocks. Java's engineers decided to avoid that.
Another difference is that interfaces can be implemented by classes or extended by interfaces, but classes can be only extended.
It's also important to note that lambda expressions can only be used with a functional interface (meaning an interface with only one method), while abstract classes with only one abstract method cannot use lambdas.
Table 1 summarizes the differences between abstract classes and interfaces.
Table 1. Comparing interfaces and abstract classes
|
Interfaces |
Abstract classes |
|---|---|
|
Can only have final static variables. An interface can never change its own state. |
Can have any kind of instance or static variables, mutable or immutable. |
|
A class can implement multiple interfaces. |
A class can extend only one abstract class. |
|
Can be implemented with the |
Can only be extended. |
|
Can only use static final fields, parameters, or local variables for methods. |
Can have instance mutable fields, parameters, or local variables. |
|
Only functional interfaces can use the lambda feature in Java. |
Abstract classes with only one abstract method cannot use lambdas. |
|
Can't have constructor. |
Can have constructor. |
|
Can have abstract methods. Can have default and static methods (introduced in Java 8). Can have private methods with the implementation (introduced in Java 9). |
Can have any kind of methods. |
Take the Java code challenge!
Let's explore the main differences between interfaces and abstract classes with a Java code challenge. We have the code challenge below, or you can view the abstract classes vs. interfaces challenge in a video format.
In the following code, both an interface and an abstract class are declared, and the code also uses lambdas.
public class AbstractResidentEvilInterfaceChallenge {
static int nemesisRaids = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Zombie zombie = () -> System.out.println("Graw!!! " + nemesisRaids++);
System.out.println("Nemesis raids: " + nemesisRaids);
Nemesis nemesis = new Nemesis() { public void shoot() { shoots = 23; }};
Zombie.zombie.shoot();
zombie.shoot();
nemesis.shoot();
System.out.println("Nemesis shoots: " + nemesis.shoots +
" and raids: " + nemesisRaids);
}
}
interface Zombie {
Zombie zombie = () -> System.out.println("Stars!!!");
void shoot();
}
abstract class Nemesis implements Zombie {
public int shoots = 5;
}
What do you think will happen when we run this code? Choose one of the following:
Option A
Compilation error at line 4
Option B
Graw!!! 0
Nemesis raids: 23
Stars!!!
Nemesis shoots: 23 and raids:1
Option C
Nemesis raids: 0
Stars!!!
Graw!!! 0
Nemesis shoots: 23 and raids: 1
Option D
Nemesis raids: 0
Stars!!!
Graw!!! 1
Nemesis shoots: 23 and raids:1
Option E
Compilation error at line 6
Java code challenge video
Have you selected the correct output for this challenge? Watch the video or keep reading to find out.
Understanding interfaces and abstract classes and methods
This Java code challenge demonstrates many important concepts about interfaces, abstract methods, and more. Stepping through the code line by line will teach us a lot about what is happening in the output.
The first line of the code challenge includes a lambda expression for the Zombie interface. Notice that in this lambda we are incrementing a static field. An instance field would also work here, but a local variable declared outside of a lambda would not. Therefore, so far, the code will compile fine. Also notice that the lambda expression has not yet executed, so the nemesisRaids field won't be incremented just yet.
At this point, we will print the nemesisRaids field, which is not incremented because the lambda expression hasn't yet been invoked, only declared. Therefore, the output from this line will be:
Nemesis raids: 0
Another interesting concept in this Java code challenge is that we are using an anonymous inner class. This basically means any class that will implement the methods from the Nemesis abstract class. We're not really instantiating the Nemesis abstract class because it's actually an annonymous class. Also notice that the first concrete class will always be obliged to implement the abstract methods when extending them.
Inside the Zombie interface, we have the zombie static Zombie interface declared with a lambda expression. Therefore, when we invoke the zombie shoot method, we print the following:
Stars!!!
The next line of code invokes the lambda expression we created at the start. Therefore, the nemesisRaids variable will be incremented. However, because we are using the post-increment operator, it will be incremented only after this code statement. The next output will be:
Graw!!! 0
Now, we will invoke the shoot method from nemesis which will change its shoots instance variable to 23. Note that this part of the code demonstrates the biggest difference between an interface and an abstract class.
Finally, we print the value of nemesis.shoots and nemesisRaids. Therefore, the output will be:
Nemesis shoots: 23 and raids: 1
In conclusion, the correct output is option C:
Nemesis raids: 0
Stars!!!
Graw!!! 0
Nemesis shoots: 23 and raids: 1
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