Many workers may be at risk of losing their jobs again as some areas are imposing or considering new shutdown orders to curb a surge in coronavirus cases.
A judge in El Paso County, Texas, last week ordered all non-essential businesses like gyms and hair salons to close for two weeks as new Covid-19 infections overwhelm local hospitals, for example.
Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo recently said the state may have to bring back some restrictions on businesses.
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Overseas, countries like England, France and Germany last week reimposed national lockdowns, a potential harbinger of more closures in the U.S. Last week, the U.S. saw the number of new daily infections balloon to its highest total of the pandemic, near 100,000, according to the COVID Tracking Project.
Restarting benefits
But for people who lose their jobs for a second time, there's a silver lining: They can likely resume their unemployment benefits and essentially pick up where they left off.
"Wherever you stop in the program, that's where you restart until [benefits] expire," said Michele Evermore, a senior policy analyst at the National Employment Law Project.
However, as is usually the case with unemployment benefits, the rules can be confusing.
For one, states set different rules for their unemployment systems. But here's what Americans across the country can generally expect.
Amount of benefits
Applying for unemployment benefits starts a "benefit year" for that individual. A benefit year is the 52-week period following the date you filed a claim.
Someone who filed for unemployment in March 2020 would have a benefit year that lasts until March 2021, for example.
Jobless workers can collect benefits over that period through multiple waves of unemployment.
However, states put limits on the benefits people can receive — in weekly amounts and total duration — over that yearlong time frame. Those limits often mean someone won't be eligible to collect traditional state unemployment insurance for the whole year.
Most states offer up to 26 weeks (or six months) of benefits.
Let's say a worker received 13 weeks of benefits, returned to work, and recently lost their job again following a new shutdown order. This person would generally be able to collect benefits for another 13 weeks.
The process should be easier for workers than when they filed their initial benefit application, Evermore said. Workers should be able to claim new weeks of unemployment under their old benefit amount, she said.
A year of unemployment benefits
However, many workers may be eligible for up to roughly a year of benefits due to extra aid offered during the coronavirus recession.
For example, the CARES Act coronavirus relief law offered extra weeks of benefits, on a temporary basis, to workers who exhaust their state's typical allotment.
The law funds an additional 13 weeks of benefits for unemployment recipients. However, this extension, called Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation, expires after December, meaning those 13 weeks won't carry into the new year without intervention from federal lawmakers.
In addition to those PEUC benefits, states have rules (which predate the CARES Act) that offer "extended benefits" during periods of high unemployment in their state. Most states are currently offering these additional benefits and generally pay up to 13 extra weeks.
Unlike the 13 extra weeks offered through the CARES Act, which are unavailable past the end of the calendar year, the extra weeks offered via "extended benefits" can bleed into 2021 if a person remains unemployed.
However, states may stop offering these extra weeks at any time if the unemployment rate continues to improve. (Indeed, around half a dozen states — such as Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota and Wyoming — have stopped paying them in recent weeks.)
Caveats
Some states will pay far less than a year of maximum benefits, however.
For example, Florida and North Carolina each pay up to 12 weeks of regular state unemployment insurance. Their extended benefits programs offer an extra six weeks to workers. When factoring in an additional 13 weeks of federal PEUC benefits, workers can expect up to 31 weeks of aid — or, about seven months' worth.
Workers who exhaust their entitlement to benefits before the end of 2020 may be eligible to collect benefits through the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program.
The CARES Act created this PUA program to offer unemployment benefits to some groups typically ineligible for traditional state aid (such as self-employed and gig workers). The program expires at the end of this calendar year.
Workers may have to reapply for benefits when transitioning into new periods of duration (for example, when transitioning from traditional state benefits to the extra 13 weeks provided by the CARES Act), though states vary in their processes.
What happens when the 'benefit year' ends?
High levels of joblessness could persist into next year.
That could prove problematic for workers who've exhausted or nearly depleted their benefits, Evermore said.
While a person can reapply for unemployment after the end of their current "benefit year" — in March 2021, let's say, which would mark roughly a year from the beginning of the pandemic in the U.S. — their aid may be much less than it had been previously. They may also be deemed ineligible for any benefits.
That's because states typically use a person's earnings over the prior four quarters to determine the amount of their weekly unemployment pay. But a long spell of joblessness would likely mean workers don't have enough wages over that period to qualify for benefits. If they qualify, it may be for a lower amount.
Congress prevented this dip in benefits from occurring during the Great Recession, and may do so again, Evermore said.
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